Which programming concept is similar to object-oriented programming but lacks inheritance between classes?

The programming concept that is similar to object-oriented programming but does not include inheritance is object-based programming. In object-based programming, the focus is on encapsulating data and behavior within objects much like in object-oriented programming, but it does not utilize the full set of features associated with object-oriented programming, specifically inheritance.

Inheritance allows one class to inherit properties and methods from another, promoting code reuse and polymorphism. Object-based programming, on the other hand, emphasizes the use of objects to group related data and functions, but each object stands alone without the hierarchical class structure that inheritance provides. This makes object-based programming a way to structure software with objects while avoiding the complexity that comes with inheritance.

Functional programming focuses on the evaluation of functions and applications without mutable data or state. It operates on a different paradigm compared to both procedural and object-oriented programming. Procedural programming is centered around functions and procedures, guiding the flow of the program through function calls rather than organizing data and behaviors into objects. Modular programming emphasizes breaking down a program into separate modules that can be developed and tested independently, which is a different approach than the object-centric focus of object-oriented or object-based programming.

Overall, the distinction of object-based programming lies in its ability to structure programs using objects