What term describes the study of groups of people based on characteristics such as age and income?

The term that describes the study of groups of people based on characteristics such as age and income is demographics. Demographics is a crucial concept in various fields, including marketing, sociology, and public policy, as it involves the statistical analysis of populations and distinct groups within a population.

By collecting and analyzing demographic data, organizations can segment their target audiences more effectively and tailor their products, services, and communications to meet the specific needs of different segments. This includes understanding trends and behaviors related to age, income, gender, employment, and other attributes, allowing for more informed decision-making and strategy development.

The other terms listed do not pertain to the study of people based on specific characteristics. E-commerce refers to the buying and selling of goods or services online. A mailing list server is a system that manages subscription lists for emails. Search engine optimization involves improving website visibility in search engine results, which does not directly relate to the analysis of demographic groups.