What do we call a stand-alone application that can be downloaded to mobile devices?

A stand-alone application that can be downloaded to mobile devices is typically referred to as a mobile app. Mobile apps are specifically designed to run on mobile platforms such as iOS and Android. They provide users with functionality tailored to the mobile environment, including access to device features like the camera, GPS, and notifications, which enhance user experience and interaction.

In contrast, web apps are applications accessed via a web browser and require an internet connection to function, while hybrid apps combine elements of both web and mobile apps, allowing them to be downloaded but also accessed through a web browser. Desktop apps are designed to run on personal computers and are not meant for mobile devices. Therefore, the term ‘mobile app’ accurately defines the application type described in the question.